Manusia BUKAN KERA! :)

Satu tim ilmuwan internasional pekan ini melaporkan bahwa kerangka manusia purba yang hidup 4,4 juta tahun lalu memperlihatkan manusia tak berevolusi dari nenek moyang mirip kera.

Penyelidikan selama 17 tahun tersebut mengenai temuan kerangka yang sangat rapuh, “kera darat” kecil, yang ditemukan di wilayah Afar, Ethiopia, dibeberkan di dalam jurnal “Science” terbitan Jumat (2/10).

Sebagaimana dilaporkan kantor berita China, Xinhua, jurnal itu juga berisi 11 berkas mengenai temuan tersebut.

Fosil itu, yang diberi nama panggilan “Ardi”, adalah kerangka paling tua yang dikenal dari cabang manusia dari pohon keluarga primata. Cabang tersebut meliputi Homosapiens serta spesies yang lebih dekat dengan manusia dibandingkan dengan kera dan bonobo.

Temuan itu memberi pengertian baru mengenai bagaimana “hominid” –keluarga “kera besar” yang terdiri atas manusia, simpanse, gorila dan orang-utan– mungkin telah muncul dari satu nenek moyang monyet.

Sampai ditemukannya “Ardi”, tahap paling awal yang diketahui mengenai evolusi manusia adalah “Australopithecus”, “manusia kera” yang berotak kecil dan sepenuhnya berkaki dua yang hidup antara empat juta dan satu juta tahun lalu.

Sastra (cerpen)

BALADA PENGEMIS

Dia masih berkutat di dapur sebagai tukang masak disebuah restoran padang yang cukup besar di salah satu sudut kota Jakarta. Hawa panas yang keluar mengitari setiap sudut dapur tanpa ampun. Keringat bercucuran disekujur tubuhnya. Sungguh! Hawa panas yang dirasakannya ini tak seberapa dengan rasa panas yang menjalar didalam tubuhnya, hingga membuat hatinya menggelegak bila mengingat kelakuan saudara saudaranya yang begitu rendah dimatanya. Rasa gerah yang terpancar karena antusiasnya yang tinggi dalam mengolah aneka lauk padang di rumah makan ini, mampu mengeluarkan beribu-ribu keringat kemarahannya, yang bersumber pada sebuah nama.

“Uda Aznan benar-benar sudah kelewatan!” Dia mengeluhkan nama itu seirama dengan ayunan pisaunya yang tajam. Yang tanpa perasaan memotong-motong berkilo-kilo daging yang teronggok pasrah diatas meja pembantaian.“Mengapa Udanya itu tak pernah berhenti membuat masalah?” Dia pun semakin bekerja dengan kerasnya, agar kemarahannya tersalurkan dengan baik. Meski badannya sudah basah penuh keringat. Yang bila tak dikeluarkan lewat kerja kerasnya ini, akan menyumbat pori-pori kesabarannya. Hingga mampu merasuki otaknya yang akan membuatnya semakin gila karena emosinya. Emosi marah, benci, sedih, juga rasa prihatin yang dalam. Pelampiasan jiwanya yang sempurna.

Online chat

CHATTING

Online chat can refer to any kind of communication over the internet, but is primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or text-based group chat, using tools such as instant messengers,internet relay, talkers and possibly MUDs. The expression online chat comes from the word chat which means "informal conversation".

Chatiquette

The term chatiquette is a variation of netiquette (chat netiquette) and describes basic rules of online communication.To avoid misunderstandings and to simplify the communication between users in a chat these conventions or guidelines have been created. Chatiquette varies from community to community, generally describing basic courtesy; it introduces new user into the community and the associated network culture. As an example, it is considered rude to write only in UPPER CASE, because it looks as if the user is shouting. The word chatiquette has been used in connection with various chat systems (e.g. IRC) since 1995.

Cultural impact

Despite being virtual, chat can spill into the outside world. There can also be a strong sense of online identity leading to impression of subculture and even the notion of online rape. Compare internet sociology.

Online shopping

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. An online shop, eshop, e-store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall.

The metaphor of an online catalog is also used, by analogy with mail order catalogs. All types of stores have retail web sites, including those that do and do not also have physical storefronts and paper catalogs. Online shopping is a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions

Webshop

The term "webshop" also refers to a place of business where web development, web hosting and other types of web related activities take place (Web refers to the World Wide Web and "shop" has a colloquial meaning used to describe the place). Buying online introduced new ways of reducing costs by reducing the number of staff needed. It is a more effective way of getting products to people and spreading into different demographic The world's first recorded B2C was Gateshead SIS/Tesco in May 1984.
 

In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee created the first World Wide Web server and browser.In 1994 other advances took place, such as online banking and the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut.During that same year, Netscape introduced SSL encryption of data transferred online, which has become essential for secure online shopping. In 1995 Amazon expanded its online shopping, and in 1996 eBay appeared. More recently Overstock has also become one of the world largest and reliable online shopping stores.

Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, interstitial ads, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.

Competitive advantage over traditional advertising

One major benefit of online advertising is the immediate publishing of information and content that is not limited by geography or time. To that end, the emerging area of interactive advertising presents fresh challenges for advertisers who have hitherto adopted an interruptive strategy.

Another benefit is the efficiency of advertiser's investment. Online advertising allows for the customization of advertisements, including content and posted websites. For example, AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing and AdSense enable ads shown on relevant webpages or aside of search results of pre-chosen keywords. Another is the payment method. Whatever purchasing variation is selected, the payment is usually relative with audiences' response

Web browser

Mozilla Firefox, the second most widely used web browser

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources.

Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Some browsers can be also used to save information resources to file systems

Function

The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user. This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URI determines how the URI will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document. Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

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Search Engine

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are usually presented in a list of results and are commonly called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.

How web search engines work

A search engine operates, in the following order

1. Web crawling
2. Indexing
3. Searching

Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as quickly as possible. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. This problem might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of it increases usability by satisfying user expectationsthat the search terms will be on the returned webpage. This satisfies the principle of least astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that may no longer be available elsewhere.